![]() SwissWatchExpo is a retailer of pre-owned luxury Swiss watches. If it is determined by SwissWatchExpo that a repair under warranty is required, one of our trained watch professionals will direct you on how to safely and efficiently ship the watch to us. If your watch has any symptoms of abnormally gaining time, losing time, or not keeping proper time please do not hesitate to contact us by phone or email. If an item we sell you should fail as a result of a manufacturer's defect at any time during the first 18 months, we will repair or replace the item at absolutely no cost to you. That is why we stand by all of our products with a full 18-month limited warranty. SwissWatchExpo is honored to have the opportunity to serve you. For more details, see our Limited Warranty. That’s our Best-Deal Guarantee.Īuthenticity Guarantee: Each of our watches has been meticulously inspected by a master watchmaker and is guaranteed 100% authentic.ġ8-Month Limited Warranty: If your watch fails as a result of a manufacturer's defect during the first 18 months, we will repair or replace the item at absolutely no cost to you. All of these factors ensure that with us, you always get the best value. Also, free domestic shipping is nice, and that’s standard at Swiss Watch Expo. Most important of all is obtaining a truly fine watch of genuine quality. There is much more to a great deal than just finding a low price. Our Triple Guarantee assures you of a totally risk-free, worry-free purchase:īest Deal Guarantee: We offer the best value on luxury watches that you will find anywhere. We want you to have complete peace of mind about your SwissWatchExpo purchase. That's why our utmost goal is nothing less than 100% satisfaction for 100% of our customers.Ĭheck online independent sources such as Google, eKomi and eBay to see why our customers give us 100% satisfaction. When our customers are happy, we prosper, and that has worked for us for many years. We want you to understand that preserving our well-known reputation for Quality, Value and Service is equally important to us. We understand that buying or selling a luxury watch is a big decision. Our impeccable reputation is what has allowed us to grow from a single Atlanta showroom to one of the world's largest online dealers of luxury timepieces.ġ00% SATISFACTION. SwissWatchExpo has been an esteemed dealer of fine Swiss watches for many years. Warranty provided by SwissWatchExpo, Inc. Brushed and polished stainless steel bracelet with deployent clasp. The blue central seconds hand includes a special Orbis Teddy Bear counter-weight. Vertical oval date window at the 6 o'clock position. 3 light blue oval chronograph subdials - a small seconds counter, 30-minute recorder and 12-hour recorder. Blue sun-brushed dial with baton hour markers and blue hands. Scratch-resistant sapphire crystal with anti-reflective treatment inside. Stainless steel bezel with a Tachymetre scale on an inner dark blue aluminum bezel ring. Orbis Teddy Bear stamped on the caseback. Stainless steel round case 38.0 mm in diameter. ![]() Free sprung-balance equipped with Si14 silicon balance spring. Column-wheel mechanismand Co-Axial escapement. Automatic self-winding chronograph movement. The watch is covered by SwissWatchExpo 18-month warrantyĪll the photos are of the actual watch for sale Running strong and keeping the accurate time. Timed to precision on Witschi watch expert timing machine. The blue central seconds hand includes a special Orbis Teddy Bear counter-weight.īrushed and polished stainless steel bracelet with deployent clasp. Scratch-resistant sapphire crystal with anti-reflective treatment inside.īlue sun-brushed dial with baton hour markers and blue hands. ![]() Omega Speedmaster 38 Orbis Blue Dial Mens Watch 324.30.38.50.03.002Īutomatic self-winding chronograph movement.
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The extension could logout after a month if it wasn't used. More details about these cool new features here.Ģ019–06–11 New - Easy all-caps fonts (uppercase/lowercase-only fonts are saved to display the missing case) - Warnings to highlight potential issues - Scaling guidelines to compare glyph size with a standard font - Preview glyph name & Unicode value in Spacing & Kerning views - Easily copy characters in Spacing & Kerning views - Convert color fonts to “black” fonts - Create & edit alternates via Smart Batch - Scale a font to a specific height - New help articles on Advanced Spacing and Kerning Groups Improved - Performance improvements (up to 50% faster to refresh fonts) - New spacing & kerning sample texts to quick-start the process Fixed - Kerning Pad bug that displayed wrong alternates - Scrolling bug when selecting glyphs - Alternates kerning bug when using kerning groupsĢ019–03–05 Fixed - Some users weren't able to enter the license key and login successfully. ![]() ![]() Improved - Speed, speed, speed (up to 500% faster to open, load and refresh complex fonts) Fixed - Fewer crashes when editing complex vector & bitmap fonts - Metrics import bug that mixed up some glyphs - Wrong conversion for all-cap fonts on Ÿ Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.2.2 Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.8Ģ022–10-24 Improved - Compatible with Photoshop 2023 Fixed - Circumventing new bugs introduced by Photoshop's latest versionsĢ021–07-21 Fixed - Circumventing new bugs introduced by Photoshop's latest versions Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.6Ģ021–06-28 Fixed - Minor bugs Apple Silicon / M1+ computers compatibility issue requires to run under Rosetta Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.4Ģ020–11-02 Fixed - Compatibility bug fixed on Windows for Photoshop 2021 Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.3Ģ020–10-19 Improved - Compatible with Photoshop 2021 - Compatible with macOS Big Sur 11 Fixed - Bugs with vector strokes Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.2Ģ020–09-07 Fixed - Minor bugs Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.5.1Ģ020–02–20 New - Smart Metrics: get spacing & kerning adjusted for all glyphs in one click (vector fonts only) - Support of Greek Fixed - Minor bugs Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.4.0Ģ019–09–06 New - Photoshop 2020 ready - macOS 10.15 (Catalina) ready Fixed - Importing metrics now works with single-case fonts Fontself Maker for Photoshop 3.3.0Ģ019–07–30 New - Smart Create: import & name many glyphs at once (select them and enter the same amount of characters, separated by a comma, like: A,a,B,b or $,€,¥ or Б,Д,Ж,И or more sophisticated ffi.liga, f.alt2 to create ligatures and alternates) In our wellness centers, the blood sample is tested in-house. ![]() Your veterinarian will draw a small amount of blood from your dog. The Heartworm/Tick-Borne Disease test is a single blood test that screens for heartworm disease and several common tick-borne diseases. The Choice Package includes a physical examination. In our community clinics, the blood sample is submitted to a national laboratory for testing. The Heartworm Disease test is a single blood test that screens for heartworm disease. The Choice Package includes a vitals check. The Vital Package includes a physical examination. The intestinal parasite screening involves taking a fecal sample and checking it microscopically for common intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, giardia, and coccidia. However, cases can occasionally appear in dogs confined to a house or yard, as the disease is occasionally transmitted dog-to-dog through a fence or screen door. The highest risk includes dogs frequently attending dog parks, doggy day care, training classes, boarding, and grooming facilities. The disease is spread by direct contact and airborne transmission. Without treatment, affected animals may succumb to kidney and/or liver failure.īordetella bronchiseptica, a bacterial organism, is one of several major causes of infectious tracheobronchitis or Kennel Cough, an extremely contagious respiratory disease of dogs. Signs of infection in animals include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weakness, depression, and muscle pain. The causative agent of Leptospirosis is a bacterial organism that is highly contagious that infects humans and animals. This vaccination is considered a core vaccination for every dog, meaning every dog should receive this vaccination as puppies, then receive booster vaccines based on your veterinarian’s recommendation. The Vital Package includes a vitals check. ![]() The Puppy Visit 3 Package includes a physical examination. in wild animals such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, and bats. Rabies virus travels in the nerves from the site of the bite to the brain and spinal cord. It is transmitted from animal-to-animal or from animal-to-human primarily through the bite of an infected animal. ![]() Rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system that can affect all mammals, including humans, and is 100% fatal if left untreated. Our puppy packages includes deworming to proactively treat these.Īll dogs must be vaccinated for Rabies Virus. ![]() Roundworms and hookworms are two of the most common intestinal parasites of puppies. Without treatment, affected animals may succumb to kidney and/or liver failure. The Puppy Visit 3 Package includes a vitals check. Once you have the proper finger placement down for each chord, you can begin to practice strumming those chords. Start by getting a feel for the chords by placing your fingers in the proper position and gliding the pick downward across the strings from the first string that doesn’t have an “X” above it, to the bottom string until you can hear each note ring clearly. An “O” means that the string is played “open”, meaning you don’t fret that string, but you do play it. An “X” means you don’t play those strings. ![]() The number in the green dot refers to the number of the finger on your fretting hand (your non-dominant hand) that you push down on the string just before the fret bar at that fret position, as shown.Īcross the top of the chart, you may see an “X” or an “O” above some of the strings. The horizontal lines represent the fret bars (1, 2, 3, etc.) that separate the fret positions. For a point of reference, you can find chords and tabs for over a million songs on When reading a chord diagram, the vertical lines represent the strings (E, A, D, G, B, E) from the top of the fretboard to the bottom when holding the guitar in playing position. These three chords will allow you to learn a variety of songs using chord charts that you can find online. So, where do you start? What are the five best chords for beginner guitar players to learn? Without getting into the nitty-gritty of music theory, keys, and scales, I recommend mastering G major, C major, and D major first. Now, I’m not a guitar teacher like Val, but I hope to point you in the right direction today as you get started on your journey.įirst off, did you know that you can play hundreds of songs with just two chords? And that you can play thousands of songs with just three chords? It’s true! Now you might not be playing those songs with all the fullness and verve as the recorded version, but you will be playing them and, if you practice enough, they’ll sound great! This will motivate you to keep going. When I first walked into Val’s tiny upper west side apartment and sat down on the chair across from her, she said, “You're going to learn how to play three songs today.” And I looked around and said, “Me? I can’t even play chords well yet.” She simply said, “Trust me.” And luckily, I did because it was one of the best decisions I made during my time in New York. And then I met Val, my fantastic guitar teacher from New York City who developed a system of teaching her students to play the guitar through a carefully selected progression of songs. Early on in their journey, they had to figure out how to hold the guitar, feeling awkward, trying to form chords, wondering where to begin. You’ve been watching your favorite guitarists strumming away on stage, and they make it look so easy. Now the chord B means H or Hb - in each case you have to choose which chord sounds better.Learning to play the guitar can be very exciting yet daunting when you are first starting out. The scale looked like this: A (La), B (Si-flat), C (Do), D (Re), E (Mi), F (Fa), G (Sol). And the lowest of the used notes was A (La). But in the old days instead of the note Si was used Si-flat and it was denoted by the letter "B". The scale in our time looks like this: C (Do), D (Re), E (Mi), F (Fa), G (Sol), A (La), H (Si). Each letter name corresponds to the letter of the alphabet. The answer to this question lies in the X century, because it was then that they began to use the Latin letters to designate sounds. Very often people are not sure how to correctly label the note Si - H or B. To ensure that the chords sound flawlessly, do not forget about the tuning of the guitar!Ī bit of history or where are the chords "H".Beginning guitarists are particularly difficult to play chords with barrels, but do not worry - with frequent training it becomes easier! To take a barre, use your index finger to clamp all the strings simultaneously. The red line indicates barre reception. ![]() The red dots indicate which strings you need to press the strings to play the chord.Numbers above the "grid" indicate the numbers of frets on the guitar fingerboard.The chords in the pictures are fingering. On all images the first string is located on top (the thinnest), the sixth string is on the bottom. Fingering is a schematic representation of the chord on the guitar fretboard.Following the link, you will see the fingering of all the chords in the pictures for the corresponding note: sharps, flat, nonacord and others. But if you did not find the desired fingering in this table, do not worry, just go to the "See all" link under the images. Such tabular representation of fingering is most convenient for perception. ![]() Here are presented three main chords from each note - major, minor and seventh chord. This table will help any guitarist, both beginner and more experienced. ![]() (3) In Software Update, check for software updates again. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias.Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.Command-D: Duplicate the selected files. ![]() To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q. Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account.Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them. Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac.Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac.Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally. You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. Command-Comma (,): Open preferences for the front app.Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder in the Finder.Or use Shift-Command-3 or Shift-Command-4 for screenshots. Shift-Command-5: In macOS Mojave or later, take a screenshot or make a screen recording.It's generally the key above the Tab key and to the left of the number 1.) (The character on the second key varies by keyboard. Command–Grave accent (`): Switch between the windows of the app you're using.Command-Tab: Switch to the next most recently used app among your open apps.Space bar: Use Quick Look to preview the selected item.Control-Command-F: Use the app in full screen, if supported by the app.Control–Command–Space bar: Show the Character Viewer, from which you can choose emoji and other symbols.Learn how to change a conflicting keyboard shortcut.) ![]() (If you use multiple input sources to type in different languages, these shortcuts change input sources instead of showing Spotlight. To perform a Spotlight search from a Finder window, press Command–Option–Space bar. ![]()
![]() ![]() Bank has no obligations with respect to the completion, processing, settlement and other procedures relating to Transactions with those Card Issuers. account statement indicating the transaction(s) you wish to dispute. Business conducted with RCU Insurance Services is separate and distinct from any business conducted with Redwood Credit Union. If Merchant experiences problems with transmission or delivery of those Card Issuers’ Transactions, Merchant will be obligated to contact the appropriate service provider(s) for service. Help Center with FAQs, contact information and customer service resources. RCU Insurance Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of Redwood Credit Union. You can access this Transaction Central Login Page by going to and clicking on the logo for Transaction Central. Note: When you submit this form, youll receive a transaction number and a. LOG IN You will receive your Merchant ID and Password in an email when your account is set up (this is a different ID than your Visa/MC MID). Any insurance required as a condition of an extension of credit by Redwood Credit Union need not be purchased from Redwood Credit Union and may be purchased from an agent or an insurance company of the member’s choice. Secure Contact Form for Student Central at Indiana University - Bloomington. They are not an obligation of or guaranteed by Redwood Credit Union and may be subject to risk. An entertaining blend of Italy's latest news headlines, politics, sport, business, and features. BAS files may be delayed due to this scheduled. We will be performing our scheduled weekly maintenance for the TSYS Batch Authorization System (BAS) between 7:00 PM MT on Tuesday, Jand 6:00 AM MT on Wednesday, June 28, 2023. The credit union has contracted with CFS to make non-deposit investment products and services available to credit union members.ĢRCU Auto Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of Redwood Credit Union.ģInsurance products are not deposits of Redwood Credit Union and are not protected by the NCUA. Daily news from Italy written in English by native English-speaking journalists. TSYS Batch Authorization System Scheduled Weekly Maintenance 19:00 - 06:00 MDT. For assistance, call our 24/7 Technical Help Desk. Process of a Credit Card Transaction Processing Tips Contact Us Technology. Investment Representatives are registered through CFS. Login to Global Payments customer portal and access your invoices, statements, reporting tools and more. TransAction Central TransAction Central Normal TC Multi User TransAction Central Recurring Multi-User TC TransAction Central Group Account. Products offered through CFS: are not NCUA/NCUSIF or otherwise federally insured, are not guarantees or obligations of the credit union, and may involve investment risk including possible loss of principal. (“CFS”), a registered broker-dealer (Member of FINRA/ SIPC) and SEC Registered Investment Advisor. ![]() 1Non-deposit investment products and services are offered through CUSO Financial Services, L.P. ![]() ![]() 15, 2001 - Mesa, Ariz.: Four days after the infamous attacks of 9/11, Balbir Singh Sodhi, a 49-year-old Sikh, is shot and killed outside the gas station he owned by Frank Silva Roque. Below is a round up of notable hate crimes and bias incidents against Sikhs since 9/11. In the months following the attacks of 9/11, more than 300 incidences of hate crimes against Sikhs were reported, according to the Sikh Coalition (PDF).Though their numbers make up the world’s fifth-largest religion, Sikhs are still misunderstood (No, they are not Muslims or Hindus). Why people rationalize that they are doing something good by attacking an innocent person escapes me.History of Hate: Crimes Against Sikhs Since 9/11The mass shooting of a gurdwara (Sikh temple) in Wisconsin on Sunday is merely the latest chapter in a history of violence. We must also remember the futility of violence against someone who is not the guilty party. This shows the ignorance and hatred shown by many Americans. Not likely when everyone wants everything “their way”, is it? What's the most horrible thing someone has done out of anger in response to 9/11? ![]() Our America has changed, look at politics, listen to the news, be aware of “how things are”… but that’s still our America, and the part I occupy is better by far than it was in the late 50’s and early 60’s and to deny that is to deny the sacrifices so many made to bring changes that should never have been needed in civilized society.I do worry a bit about how things are going now, how my son would answer the same question in 40 years, he often tells me he wishes he were born earlier, but I kinda lean to wishing he (and the country) could pretty much settle our differences, live like one nation under God (or yours, or no, deities if you like) and let the good stuff just stay the same. The locals still know one another, you can buy stuff on a “tab” in town, and I see all of the same faces in church on Sunday mornings…albeit with lots more grey hair, and many missing faces that now lay in our graveyard. No more segregation (yeah, I remember when the “colored school”, Carver Hill School shut its doors for good and we all went to school together…heck, we all played together after school anyway?Another angle is that I live in the south, and the south is slow to change. Better roads, better jobs, better farming methods, better management of wetlands, timberlands, and our seashore on the Gulf of Mexico. We could hang out at the local grocery store til the wee hours, or walk anywhere we wanted, any time we wanted.Thing is, from my perspective, more has improved than diminished. We could play “tag” with the local police department, and officer Marvin King usually let us win, then lecture us later. We could range around almost all the land surrounding my home, either cutting firewood, pulling lighter stumps, bird hunting, or fishing the creeks. I have lived a good bit over 6 decades, and there are some, I think trivial, things I miss about the “old America”. People can have selective memories when they think of times past. Translating the viscosity is a good first step and can be sufficient for most general-purpose applications. This is a good approximation for most oils, but will lead to a small error when converting between ISO/AGMA and SAE for high Viscosity Index oils. The chart assumes the oil has a Viscosity Index of 95. Oil gets thinner according to its Viscosity Index, and the chart is calculated with a specific Viscosity Index (VI 95 default) ISO VG measures oil at 40✬ and a given range to +/-10% of their stated value, so ISO VG 100 oil will have a viscosity between 90 and 100 cSt at 40✬.ĪGMA has redefined its grades to align with ISO standards, so they line up exactly. Oils grades that are on the same horizontal line (with the correct Viscosity Index) on the chart are equivalent. This article was originally posted at pioneer-engineering.Several organizations (ISO, SAE, AGMA) have created competing standards to define oil viscosity ranges, but most of them mean the same thing. But if this sounds like a foreign language that you do not understand, it's okay, as long as you now realize that your equipment may be in jeopardy of shorter life cycles and there is potential for cost saving improvements that will greatly enhance your equipment's reliability.Īll of this and a lot more is covered in our public or private training class, "Intro to Machinery Lubrication & Oil Analysis." I encourage you to check it out.even if we're speaking the same language! You are likely on top of your game and know exactly which oils and viscosities belongs in each application throughout your facility. If all of this is making sense, I commend you. 0W, 5W, 10W, etc., and straight weights 30, 40, and 50 are designations for crankcase oils, while 70W to 85W and 80 to 250 are designations for automotive gear oils. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Crankcase and SAE Gear classifications are different yet. This stands for Saybolt Universal Seconds - or - Saybolt Seconds Universal, you'll see it stated either way. SUS - or - SSU is not in use much anymore, but you may still find it referenced on an older gearbox nameplate or an OEM (original equipment manufacturer) manual. The AGMA uses a #1 through #8A designation. ISO VG is stated at 40☌.ĪGMA specify grades an oil's viscosity for industrial gear applications, also at 40✬. This ranges from an ISO VG 2 to an ISO VG 3200. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is the universally accepted method for stating oil viscosity (ISO VG) through-out industry (ISO 3448). Stating an oil's viscosity is found in many different formats depending on the application. Normally viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature, meaning as the temperature of an oil increases, its viscosity generally will decrease. ![]() Viscosity should always be measured at a given temperature. Viscosity is what carries the load, separating surfaces in relative motion from touching, thus reducing friction and wear, extending equipment life. While this is the most common understanding of viscosity, a more technical definition of viscosity is a measurement of the oil's internal resistance or its resistance to flow by gravity. Along with this, viscosity is the easiest thing to mess up!Ī simple definition of viscosity is the thickness of an oil. ![]() Viscosity is the most important physical property of a lubricant, and viscosity is the most important specification for a lubricant. The importance of proper oil viscosity in your large array of equipment and the varying lubrication regimes they present is one of the most important maintenance practices one can focus on in their facilities. If you have a gearbox with a manufacturer's nameplate instructing you to use the American Gear Manufacturer's Association (AGMA) #4 viscosity oil at a given operating temperature, or if it specified a 750 SSU viscosity oil, would you know exactly what viscosity oil you need? If your grease application specified a base oil viscosity of 220 cSt for a given operating temperature would you know which of your greases might fit that specification, if any?ĭoes it really matter? Oil is oil, grease is grease, and more is better, right? ![]() What else can they make? Mind Melter Smorz Sudoku. (Q) Campfires are great for creating s’ mores. Using the code key below, substitute letters for symbol groups. It's back! It’s Back! The awesome campfire taste of Smorz cereal is here to blow your mind! Decipher delicious Smorz code. Per 1-1/4 Cup Serving: 170 calories 0.5 g sat fat (3% DV) 190 mg sodium (8% DV) 18 g total sugars. To keep up with all of our products finds and Junk Bantering in real time, follow us on social media at the links below!įacebook: Instagram: Twitter: Our friends at Cerealously reviewed Kellogg’s Smorz too! Find out what they thought here.Crunchy graham cereal wrapped in rich chocolatey coating with marshmallows. I want everyone to know that we are but one more glass of spilled milk away from Junk Banter being dead forever. I had to purchase a new laptop just to finish this review. Odds I Will Even Be Alive in 2017 Rating: 3 out of 10Įditor’s Note : While preparing this review, I dropped the container of milk directly onto my Macbook Air. Odds I Actually Cut Back On My Sugars in 2017 Rating: 1 out of 10 Why did you guys have to bring this back? My New Year’s Resolution for 2016 was to cut back on my sugars. Here’s how I know Kellogg’s Smorz cereal is a good cereal: I am 90% certain that this milk is spoiled, and I’m still enjoying it. The mini marshmallows didn’t fare as well, turning to mush almost instantly. The graham pieces maintain their crunchiness longer than most cereals, but this was mostly lost on me as I swallowed the entire bowl in 10 seconds. The chocolate flavor seems to improves once drenched in lactose. I’m staring down at any empty bowl because I forgot to savor it or write anything about it while inhaling it. So how does Kellogg’s Smorz hold up in milk? I don’t know guys, you tell me. I love any cereal with marshmallows, and they work especially well in this one. They have all the grit and stiff crunch of the mini marshmallows you put in your hot chocolate, except they’re gigantic. These marshmallows are exactly what a mini marshmallow ought to be – sweet, creamy, and a touch of vanilla. Plus, real campfire s’mores aren’t that heavy on chocolate either. The graham flavor is good enough that I can overlook this for the most part. The cocoa flavor isn’t too intense (some bites have more than others), which is my only true knock against this cereal. They taste kind of like big fat Golden Grahams (my #1 cereal all-time), with lots and lots of authentic graham flavor and a dusting of chocolate. ![]() They’re puffy but still insanely crunchy and somewhat airy. I love the texture of the crispy graham pillows in Kellogg’s Smorz cereals. Let me cram some of this into my face right now to remedy years of neglect. I agree that this is completely unacceptable and I’m eager to change things right now. I feel like I must have bought it once, but I really don’t remember what it tasted like. I was very, very healthy for many, many years. ![]() I cannot recall ever trying Kellogg’s Smorz. Here’s my crazy, unfathomable confession.
Mechanisms of action for sleep disturbance in neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial and poorly understood. The effects of cannabis on sleep, especially the more potent strains currently cultivated, are still unclear. Many substances, including cannabis, suppress rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and cause REM-sleep rebound when they are discontinued. Substances with a short half-life, such as tobacco, are especially disruptive of sleep because cravings due to withdrawal are more frequent and intense. Stimulants promote wakefulness by altering neurochemicals, leading to insomnia at night and sleepiness during the day (eg, caffeine blocks adenosine, which prevents the build-up of sleep drive, and amphetamines increase the release of dopamine, which promotes wakefulness). Sedatives such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and narcotics can shorten sleep onset in the first half of the night but disrupt sleep and cause insomnia due to rebound effects in the second half of the night. The effect of substances on sleep varies depending on the substance. It often results from irregular, inappropriate, or inadequate timing of zeitgebers (“timegivers”) that regulate circadian rhythms, such as exposure to light, engagement in activities, and scheduling of meals and social events. 1 Circadian dysregulation, which reflects changes in the timing of sleep-wake and other behavioral rhythms, occurs in BPD, SSD, ADHD, ASD, and neurodegenerative conditions. Nightmares and associated fear of going to sleep reflect the re-experiencing symptoms and hypervigilance seen in PTSD. Individuals with BPD have reduced sleep need during manic phases and insomnia or hypersomnia during depressive phases. Hypersomnia, which is excessive sleepiness despite a sleep period of 7 hours or more, appears in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and SSD. Insomnia–problems falling or staying asleep despite adequate opportunity for sleep-occurs in all neuropsychiatric disorders, with sleep-onset problems occurring more frequently in GAD and ASD, and sleep maintenance problems, especially early morning awakenings, more common in MDD. In neuropsychiatric conditions, sleep disturbance most commonly manifests as insomnia, hypersomnia, nightmares, or circadian dysregulation, although some conditions are associated with increased risk for other sleep disorders (eg, sleep apnea in PTSD, restless legs in ADHD). Not surprisingly, disrupted sleep occurs in all substance-use disorders (SUD). 4 It also commonly occurs in schizophrenic spectrum disorders (SSD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and neurocognitive disorders due to dementia, cerebrovascular accident, or traumatic brain injury. It disappeared from early editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a criterion for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but has now reappeared in informal guidelines. 2,3 It occurs so frequently in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that it is included in diagnostic criteria. Sleep disturbance is pervasive in almost all neuropsychiatric conditions. Frequency of Sleep Disturbance in Psychiatry Although appropriate medications are essential for effective management of the neuropsychiatric condition, nonpharmacologic approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) offer highly effective evidence-based treatments for insomnia and adjunctive treatments for hypersomnia, nightmares, and circadian dysregulation. Brief screening instruments help assess for the various types of sleep disturbance common in neuropsychiatric conditions. ![]() Sleep disturbance can be a precipitant or a prodrome, likely through multiple interconnected pathways, and it can also exacerbate symptoms and increase the risk of relapse. 1 It often manifests as insomnia, hypersomnia, nightmares, or circadian dysregulation. Sleep disturbance is so common in neuropsychiatric conditions, it is considered a cross-cutting symptom. |